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Yesterday we left a topic in the middle. So, we will first complete with those things. Later on we will proceed to the second level which is tips on reviewing your research articles.Yesterday we left at the culture part of microorganisms within. So, we are still left with certain more aspects, including cell culture. Now, some of you must have already done cell culturing of animal cells or plant cells in your labs. So, in either case. This is the basic diagram, especially for animal cell cultures not plant tissue culture. But you can also use this for practitioner culture as well. So first of all, you are going to take the tissue sample tissue, which is composed of a lot of cells, you’re going to dissect the tissue in order to get rid of fatty and necrotic cells or anything else that is not required. Right.Then, further steps are required for taking individual cells out of the tissue. Now, why do we require a single cell to form a colony? Why don’t we just go for five or 10 or maybe 100 cells which can give rise to a colony yesterday, while carrying out microbial plating also we were going for dilution What was the need of having dilution?dilution means you are decreasing the cell content in one ml of the sample or solution What is the need for doing that? It will be not pure yes second and second thing even if you are having a pure culture you are having suppose a pure culture preserved in your slant and again if you want to make a colony out of this, first you are going to make a streak out of this and then out of that streak if you get a single separated isolated colony, you pick that up and then you again culture it on another plate.Why do you take only one colony, why not the whole one, because we assume that one colony is made up of all those cells which have been derive from only one cell. So, that is the assumptionas Goonies said, it is going to prevent the contamination and it is going to give you a rough idea that there were supposed there are 30 colonies of bacteria in this particular place. So, this gives you a rough idea that approximately 30 cells will present in that 0.1 ml of the solution which you poured on to the media okay. So, in order to get a rough idea and in order to get a pure colony from only one particular type of cell, same applies to animal cells as well. So, here again, we are trying to take out individual cells from a tissue sample. So, we can either go for fine dissection by directly physically chopping away the tissue or you can take help of sieves, syringes or pipette. Suppose this is a syringe or a pipette which is having small diameters of the core at the end. So, when you are trying to inject your tissue sample out of the spore obviously the tissue will be broken away and single cells are at the most double cells will come out of that one. So, you will be able to isolate individual cells from that tissue sample later on, you can again make a dilution of this whole thing which you have optain out of the syringe and get it plated on this media okay who get the colonies. Similarly sieving, sieving is just like an ordinary sieve that you have seen the kitchen sieve or the bathroom sieve which is having force. So, you are going to rub your sample onto the surface of the sieve of course under aseptic conditions and that is going to take away individual cells from that tissue which you can take out and play later around.
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Another thing that is used here is enzymatic this aggregation. Now, why do we require enzymes again because it is a tissue and tissue is made up of different cells, they are together because they are having certain intra cellular or basically inter cellular connections between them. Okay, so, these connections are made up of proteins all of us we know that right. So, in order to remove those proteins we can take help of tripsin and or collagen enzymes and things. Okay. collagen that is removed hydrolysed its linkages are broken by this particular collagenase and tripsin and tripsin is used for other type of proteins like selectins, integrins, which are making up the inter cellular matrix ok. So, again there are two or three methods for collagenase you need to give longer incubation periods, because this collagen is the most abundant protein which is present in animal tissues. So, its more exposure is required to that particular enzyme. Tripsin can be given as cold tripsin you know long tripsin, if it is all tripsin and only overnight treatment will do, but if it is warm tripsin long incubation is required, okay. So, then whatever cells you get, that will be in a mixture, so you will separate the cells via centrifugation at the bottom and Resuspent and seed into the desired just like these. Okay. So you’re going to have a lot of cells in your culture, which again you can dilute and you can get it either transfer to that colony to give rise to callus or mass which can give rise to plants or the animals desired so that can be done or you can simply multiply the cells into primary and secondary cultures to generate the cell line. So, do you know what our cell lines like? We use cellular lines you get it from commercial sources as well, what is the cell line like we are trying to work on cancer cells So, we will take up certain cell cancer cell lines from the commercial sources like companies or even hospitals Okay. Now, the thing is, cell line is a is a multiple copy of the cells obtained from one single source. For example, if you are studying the breast cancer cells color study, so you are going to get those breast cancer cells from some company who is having the cell line of breast cancer cells. That means, all those cultures will be pure and obtain from what that one particular person or the lady who had got that breast cancer some times back. So, there was a lady who was suffering from breast cancer and they took out it’s her cancer spot and then they cultured it and purified culture it and maintain the culture. Like hella, It is a cancer cell line you will get a lot of things okay. So, for the first time when they are taking out the cell from the infected mass and plating it onto the medium, it forms primary cell culture and later on when you are making copies from this second culture onwards, it becomes subculture okay. Similarly, it was about bacteria, microorganisms and animal cells. Now there are certain phytoplankton, you know phytoplankton, even phytoplankton are used in fish hatcheries and mollusk hatcheries because you want to feed the fish with phytoplankton. Now what is phytoplankton in the first place? It is these type of organisms, okay? These are basically a microalgae, Okay, and these are acting as, yes Marine algae. So these are eaten up by fishes and mollusk. So when you want to culture fish and mollusk, you want to give them as feed to them. Okay? Like there are a lot of such flagellates and diatoms algae which are used in fish tanks as food pallets are there okay small pallets are there so
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you can see here isochrone tetraselmis that means you want to feed your fish with something yes which can grow in the presence of sunlight so for that what you need you should grow it on regular basis to feed your fish with this every time you can’t take it from the company itself that is going to be expensive. So you can culture them as well. This is a very good okay. This is from a research paper that I obtained it from and some other sites as well. So, what you can do first thing, what the algae require is light it grows in the presence of light, we have seen it always. So, basic requirement for algae is to is to get the sunlight. So, first thing you should be growing it in sunlight, it is not necessary that you require only bigger things, even flask, these kinds of chambers can also be used for microalgae propagation. And you can see these have been put along with a source of light. You can also grow them in the presence of natural sunlight. Along with that CO2 is required some time more CO2 is provided into the surrounding environment as far the algae need inoculum original algae culture. One or two cells whatever you wish to add temperature regular temperature normal okay. So, how do you make the medium for the growth? That is from seawater because algae have a habit to grow in the presence of lots of nutrients, have you seen if there is a lot of contamination, human contamination of organic material with phosphorus and other things, nitrogen and all things in the lakes there is something called eutrophication. Have you heard of eutrophication in the lower classes yet, so, eutrophication occurs because algae from the lake are obtaining nutrients from that contamination. So, those nutrient sources We developed from seawater by filtering it so as to prevent the contamination and removing unwanted metal then autoclaving and pasteurization regular sterilization or chemical sterilization can also be done then you get your media which obviously is going to be present in these you put the solution the nutrient medium and then you sterilize it using autoclave other methods are also there like chemical sterilization using alcohols, aldehydes ,halogens or gaseous sterilization Okay. Gaseous sterilization is usually used for rooms bigger cases okay. So, but how these chemicals are working that you can check here again because I can’t discuss so you can check it here and just like bacterial growth phase, these are also having lag phase, log phase,stationary phase then dead phase. Lag phase when initially you put your culture into the medium it starts adapting to that conditions exponential phase that when it has already adapted to the conditions and it has started multiplying rapidly, there comes a stage where lots of toxins accumulate space constraints are their nutrient is decreased. So, stationary phase appears after that, that’s it starts ok. The next thing here is this is your this is from some experiment how they have get it out the experiment to increase the content of algae for their commercial values. Initially, you can take a stock culture from some some standard laboratory, like MCC, ATCC, MPCC type of cultures, if you want only one particular type of culture, then you can put it into you can revise the culture. So, I was saying you can take the stock culture you can revive the culture into required conditions then you will have to make a bigger culture taking small steps first 250 ml flask and two liters last 20 liters flask and then 200 liter cylinder. Now, the thing is if your purpose is just to hatch the fish and you are not very much concerned what the fish is eating, you can even culture the algae in any pond which you are having. But if you are experiment specific, you want to see what kind of culture should be taken you Want to standardize the condition under those cases you should consider maintaining the aseptic condition for that obviously, you are having an lamina here with UV light plexiglass window which is there so that you can see Bunsen burner door, the overall wavelength ranges from 90 to 390 nanometer, but the one that we use here is to 254 nanometer which is usually mostly the has the highest ability to degrade the microorganism or to give rise to sterilization. Okay. Yeah, so, the sources of contamination are like insects because they will be attracted to this air or air supply system if the plugin is not correct. Then innoculum which you have to put in the log phase if that is contaminated that is going to spoil the whole culture water source, if that is not properly sterilized after what autoclave or chemical sterilization or dirty hands or the flask itself, how do we sterilize the glassware if you put it in the hot air oven for at 150 degrees for two hours even that will surface empty glass I mean. Then now, we are done with this as well. So we can have a look on insects as well because insects are also preserved and stored. The insect which is the students of entomology, who regularly handle insects, they also have to take care of these. So just a few methods of preservation, how can preserve hard body insects and how you can preserve soft body. So hard bodied insects like beetles, true bugs, how do you store them, you dry the specimen. And then you put it into clean vile or box put cotton or tissue paper inside the mailing tube. Mailing means if you are going to send the specimen somewhere, so you should first put your bug into the tube and up in the vile. And after that, cover it with cotton or tissue paper so that this little damage soft body insects like aphides, caterpillars and other ones are best preserved in Alcohol, so treat them with alcohol to preserve soak them overnight in alcohol enough ethanol should remain in the specimen to preserve them for short periods of time during the transfer itself. Okay. Freezing or placing the insect into very hot water will kill the specimen, specimen should be preserved in alcohol for shipment using 70% ethanol then we carry out SEM electron microscopy, what happens? We take our sample and put it in ethanol in a stepwise manner first 30% ,50%, 70%. So, what does that do? What is the purpose of putting ethanol to it? Actually what happens is when you put your sample in ethanol, the sample it is having little or some water that yes, that water is actually replaced with ethanol. The water is H2O and ethanol is C2H5OH. Okay, so body replaces H2O with C2H5OH and dissolves liquids as well. But we don’t want to remove the structural details here. So, when we do the stepwise okay treatment with alcohol what happens water is replaced by C2H5OH, but wherever there is this ethanol it is going to preserve the insect morphology as well. And later on if you want to further try this ethanol takes lesser time compared to water itself right. So, that is why ethanol is preferred and also 70% ethanol is not having any side effect on human beings.But methanol is having side effects. just to wind up this thing. How do you take care of animals Now, obviously, get the animals like rats, mice cows, that those things you cannot culture. So, you will have to breed them that is a separate issue, but how you take care of them even if you look at the farmers or the people who have lots of cattle, they make proper space for animals the cattle, they give them requisite temperatures, if requirement of light is there that is also given. So, once okay so, you have to take care of what is required in the like mouse, rat, hamster all of these require this particular temperature. Rabbit requires this particular temperature in terms of degree Celsius and degree Fahrenheit. How much space do they need? What is the height accordingly, you have to decide. Again you have to give husbandry, what food is required. For example, fish eats the pellets flakes of this phytoplankton. How much water aquatic animals require and how much it has to be condition condition with oxygen and other nutrients. Sanitation should be regularly checked up cleaniness, disinfection because animals they cannot live without clean environment themselves so they are trying to clean the surroundings by themselves as well. Pest control is also required. Then, if you are having free time, you can also support them by giving some some animal doctor who can help them treat their diseases. Then identification is required. So, tags are taken, tags are usually put into their ears, if you see for record keeping purposes, how many cattle do we have? How many of them are this particular specie how many are males, how many of this particular age group what what is the requirement and all these things. So, if you want to go through all this you can refer to this link it is a very good link of NCBI and yes yesterday someone was asking about whether and NCBI is having this thing Oh, keys taxonomic key or not, actually I went through the NCBI website and I could not find any keys, but yes it has certain taxonomy details have been given about certain organisms. So, okay, here we are done with second day’s lecture. Let us know Still we are left with the disposal part. Obviously, if there are there is something that has to be discarded we need to take proper care especially if it is radio label or it is off some cytotoxic clinical or pharmaceutical origin. So, for that, first you should make proper note of the name of the material, if it is specified by environmental health safety list identification code if there is some batch number. lot number, how much quantity you are trying to dispose of and the date What is the matter of disposal, it is incineration or you are dumping it all you’re putting it for composting names of person who authorized implemented or witness their disposal okay. So, sometimes you require certain government officials also who witness and they give permission for the disposal of that particular type of waste material okay. like printed package printing material, packaging material and any bulk material which you assume that someone else can reuse and get harmed that has to be shattered into smaller pieces. Excess of you can see for example, there are certain things suppose there is a lot of animal waste, animal waste so, like cowdung or something you do not want that someone else should take this up and use for its use it for their own purpose. So that has to be dissolved into something else. To make it very much dilute so that someone else does not use the medical devices, they have to be crushed up and grounded, to make them unusable. Alcohol, if there is any form of alcohol, which is being used, obviously alcohol is always in use and you must have incidences that even there are certain people at the workplace itself. They take it, they consume it, not the researchers, not the educated people, but yes, maybe some daily wage labor, they take it up, okay. So try to keep it into safe place and if it is already use, try to dilute it with some waste. And labeling is also destroyed by permanent ink markers. So that’s to prevent unauthorized off site usage. Like you always have these three different types of bins. Where you put the clinical waste in the yellow one,cytotoxic waste like anti metabolites anti tumors in the purple one and in the red one you put pharmaceutical waste okay? And if you want to incinerate do you know what is incineration burning, burning under controlled conditions like it is completely yes burning especially under covered condition so that the side products the byproducts do not enter water, air or soil and they should be safely disposed later on. So incineration temperatures are decided based on what type of waste you have. Okay. And if there are certain slabs and infected things, you either autoclave, rotoclave or incinerate again. Then landfill is the ultimate source if nothing else is working. So, you will have to put it into that particular site where only waste is disposed of it is lengthened. So, here we are done with yesterday’s things. Now, don’t worry it is not going to be very long. We will complete it in time, it is about on certain tips regarding how to review a research article.Now, you can take it into two ways. First, you are yourself an editor and you are publishing a journal on regular basis and you want to find out out of so many manuscripts which you have obtained, which is suitable for your journal, but that is not of your interest as a student and as a researcher what you require is you want to get a good review, get a good research paper and you want to analyze it for your own requirements, okay. So, you should look into some specific features of that research paper review article before incorporating that into your own research method, introduction part, abstract part, review of literature part, research discussion part, whatever it maybe, okay. So in order to start your research, finding out the relevant literature is very important. Okay, what is it relevant literature in the first place? How do you find one, where do you find one and how do you decide what are the criteria for the relevance. So, the first thing that the key here is to consider the source. Source, the source from which you are getting the idea what research I want to carry out, has it been done in the past? What were their results? Were they satisfactory? Did this all have any purpose? See, whatever research you need to if it is not solving an already existing problem, that is of no use, okay? So always find out what you want to search. How are you going to research it? Is it going to give you some extra information? Is it off some used to someone else, even if you’re going to publish it in Nature or Cell paper that is of no relevance to anyone, to any of the person in any of the societies of the word that is of no use to try to get something which is of some social use, that can be used by our friends or by our family. So, first you find out the source from which you have to get the idea, the source for which is going to support your findings and the source, which you can take help off to carry out the experiment like the materials and methods. Top thing we discussed yesterday, how you should write how an ideal material and method part should be written, right. So, always look for that particular type of material method part which is clearly mentioning each and everything. So, how do you first of all, find the research paper of your interest. There are several sources, electronic sources databases, like you can go for Google, first thing you go for is, Google. So, probably the quickest way to access a lot of material. There may also be key sources of publications follow up subjects that are accessible electronically, like certain standards, you want to carry out this different type of experiment. But in none of the research papers or none of the thesis by your seniors, have you found a good technique to generate the standard protocols, the standard graphs, whatever. So, you may get it online in some of the research papers, a good method you can find, so, you have to look for a lot of research papers of your relevance, look for the research papers, so that you can get standards or some past material, similar or maybe a different one. awesome videos like you are a hired person for chromatography.Like Initially, I did not know how to do chromatography, okay. And there was no nearby senior who could tell me. So do you know about research gate it is a very good profile profile making can be done here, you can publish your paper you can post your papers here, you can have a identity in the research community and you can get the context researchgate Okay, just like Facebook, Instagram, researchgate is also there, but you need to provide the institute ID okay Institute email id suppose you are having [email protected]. So, that has to be given, you can make your profile you can upload your research papers, articles, which are published or yet to be published and these kind of things and you can also get to know from other researchers into the community, like I asked them, How should I proceed with this particular experiment they will provided me
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if you do not tell it to previously researchgate was alone, but now that does not allow. So, even if you are working in some company, that will also give you some ID.
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So, here you can actually interact with
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so many researchers and you can ask them question you can make comment on their publication you can ask them to give the full publication Okay, sometimes you get even the best publications which are not available online or via Google. So, I checked with them I got the exact protocols and I followed it. Similarly, you can get videos and audio recordings from YouTube and other sources Okay. Have you heard of voice of bio technica in by technica as well we are having why so bad technical section, which is regarding podcasts. So, they are we discuss about certain decent things resource justice, yeah. So, that is also type of research based backing that you can get, you can also ask questions over there. So, second option here is whatever research paper or review article that you are checking, you can check their references as well which references they have opted for like yesterday I was telling you, you should do properties even if you are modifying some existing research protocol then also you should mention his or her research protocol. So that someone with reference to your article can also get idea about some other researchers work okay. This will provide you with a long reference list and some evolution of the references it can be
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you you can find out out of those 70 References
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if this one is off your interest or not, you can google it later on at least you can google it
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Third is hand searching. Now, you Google the things to use the software because they take less time and give you more results. But no electronic literature search can be 100% comprehensive. For example, you’ll write
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Streptococcus. So everything related to Streptococcus will come.
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Even if it isn’t us, even in the Google you will get a lot of news from here and there and the images are of no use to you.
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So nothing can be done. And also if suppose there are some research papers, there are certain research journals which are not online till date, like Indian Journal of ecology. It is not going to publish its articles
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online. So, how are you going to get it obviously, you will have to
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get that information from such print material. So, go to the library, look for the pile of journals, scroll through the contents go through individual article and find out its relevance to your desired subject.
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mentoring with isolation part only, and you few refer to suppose 50 papers, all of them will be having one or other thing which is different from each other. So, that you can take into consideration maybe fourth paper
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is giving you better results than seven papers protocol okay or it is have more relevance to you than this one. right
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even if both of them are isolating the bacteria only. Bacteria are different, the species are are different, their genera different. So things maybe. sometimes even a key idea can be discovered like, like just Arpita was discussing that what if she’s not not getting this result
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while going through all those 50 papers, you may get an idea that instead of going for this you can also go for this which is already back supported. This can also be done which is already having certain
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relevant literature. Okay.
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Okay, so there are different types of
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journals. Let us see all of these in a bit. Scholarly,
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peer reviewed journals, even if you go through Google you will look, you will find certain scholarly journals. What are scholarly journals..?
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Which are get a mixed standards journals and are reviewed by
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experts in that particular field. And what is peer reviewed? See, what is a journal? Journal is a publication house. So journal is being given by a publication house, who was having an editor in chief right. Then under him several other editors work. Then there are certain reviewers as well who are working with him in association with the journals.
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The news, some sources may contain articles which can be used in research. So have you gone through this CRISPR baby news
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CRISPR baby.
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There was a scientist
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in China. Yeah. What he did. He had got a lot of volunteers out of which the parents were suffering from some disease and he wanted to create a baby who was not suffering from that disease using the CRISPR technique. So
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he was later on arrested as well because designing a baby is not ethically allowed. But still that is a news that is of some relevance to all those who are working with CRISPR. So, academic journals basically they are same as peer reviewed journals, so it can be used in interchangeable manner.
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Reviews: Review of scholarly resources are often included in Academy journals.
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Like I say, research papers where you carry out the research and put them in the shape of a paper. Review is when you look through a lot of researchers which had been made till date and based on that information, you generate a review article okay. Magazines, just like BioTecNika has its magazine and we are having articles so that is a magazine. But don’t include these things in your research paper they are for information, but these are not going to provide you backing for supporting your results. Okay, like you asked for videos. Until then, unless you are getting this backing from some journal from some publication house. Don’t consider that. Don’t put it into your thesis or research paper. Okay.
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Okay, so, peer review, as I said is the heart of the scientific method.
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So, once research must survive the scrutiny of its course before it is presented to the largest scientific community for being worthy of consideration. Reviewers also there which are also known as referees, who are expert what experts in a particular topic or a particular field, they evaluate whether studies methods are appropriate results are accurate author’s interpretation is correct or not, because the interpretation is based on several different experiments, and it also required the backing from previously explored journals right, previously explored papers. So, all of that has to be carefully monitored, referees are expected to alert the journal editor about those problems and they are also responsible for pointing out the required changes which will be passed on to the author so that they can make the requisite changes and then the paper can be accepted. So, how do we identify if it is a scholarly article, if it is a peer reviewed article, first thing it should have footnotes. So, first thing much you should see that
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the journal should be having footnotes
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Footnotes about the article is there, their the corresponding person is this and here you can contact with this and the journal is having not this responsibility, but the author has taken responsibility with animals he has taken consideration of pet and all these things are there,okay. There is a list of references. If you go through magazines or articles, there is usually little or no references. The author institutional affiliation, like I say I am from Biotecnika. So BioTecNika is my affiliation. The publication is from some professional organization or Association. And the article has technical terms, technical terms like it should not write bacteria it should give Rhizobium leguminosa okay. So, yeah, here it comes. Now, what is the indexing, all of these ratings, which are given by various sources like Thomson Reuters is the best rating best impact factor that is considered
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then there is SCI,
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then NAAS rating is also there, which is considerable for agricultural Institute’s then similarly there lot of even Google is having its own, researchgate is also giving its own ratings. That means best journals like Nature, Cell they are having a rating of 20, 40, 50 in terms of impact factor, but those journals which are not cited by these types of indexes are not considered good. Also, you can find out the quality by reading this. Best journals are free of cost. They just look for the content. Okay, so try to get best results, try to work hard. So, don’t go for I must suggest don’t go for Google or like road type of things. You can instead go for Thomson Reuters, JCR which is called SCI, index Copper Nichols is also considered especially in engineering journals, rest I’m not sure if somebody is considering or not JGATE, it is also sometimes considered.
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How do you find the scholarly articles in a database. Database, if you go to library, What is a database database is a collection of similar things. So that means a lot of articles are present related to your relevance in that particular database. So, how do you find the one of your choice? So, first you check whether it is a peer reviewed or scholarly journal or not, if it is, either of these two, it is of some use to you. if it is a scholarly journal, see most of the time scholarly journal and peer reviewed journal
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are used
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like one after another without any particular relevance, but what is the basic difference between a scholarly journal and peer reviewed article the journal. So, a peer reviewed journal can have contents from related topics like it may be a journal of biochemistry, so all the topics of biochemistry are being included in that particular journal in different issues in different volumes year after year. But in scholarly journal, only single thing will be taken like enzyme kinetics, out of biochemistry and peer reviewed articles are also considered by experts, but scholarly articles can only be understood by those people who are experts on that particular field. Like if I know the basics and each and every detail of enzyme kinetics, only then I will be able to understand this, but if you are not, you can rather go for other articles from other journals which are equally good, but you can understand them in an easy language Okay, did you get me. So, this is the basic difference otherwise, even if the scholarly journal is there and you get the referees from outside the journal, then it is going to be peer reviewed scholar region. So interchangeability, these can be used. Now, what are the three basic steps in finding the articles? First, find out which articles is available related to your topic using a database. Okay, you know, what is a database like? Google is having a lot of databases out of which the search engine is going to tell you which is of your requirement, similarly there is another search engine called Summon which is specifically for scientific readings. It has been developed by University of London, it is an online library. But other thing is you need to register for it. And I’m not sure if the Indian people can get registered. on it, it has certain requisites for those students of University of London itself, but it is another search engine just like Google. Yes, you can find the things, how do we use this summon that also have given now this summon is a search engine just like Google or Yahoo, right. But it is also having its own pros and cons. Summon collects the majority of full text online journal articles into its search so that is a good thing majority, but it does not search everything. For example, if there is something which is not online available, that will never be available to you on Summon even. And just like in the Google, you are having sections – video, images, news, Summon is not having something like this, it will give you results like this, like I typed here, Journal of Experimental biology, it gave me all those related articles, which were there, okay. And these are not only articles, these may book chapters, ebooks, book reviews data set dessertation, newspapers news. Someone is going to give you a list of all those things, letters, pamphlets related, whatever is related. Okay, so if you do not want ebooks, you just cross it if you do not want book reviews, just cross it. So that part will be removed. Okay, you can also find, there is a lot of detail here. And also, if you want to mail you can go for mailing that to your own email id, like this is the one available for me. So you will get the link. So even if you don’t get it here, you can google the article, maybe you get it there, or you can go to general site, maybe it is there, then you can download it.
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Then even if you have got the article, based on the title, first you’re going to get the title only then you can go for abstract and keywords are also there right? Good research articles are having good keywords which are having appropriate binomial nomenclature, and it is correctly mentioned with relevance. So, first you go through the title, then filter based on abstract what it is doing actually, then you go through the rest of the paper, maybe even after reading the abstract, you are not getting that particular thing. So carefully scan the whole article to find if it is relevant. Okay. So, after going through all this, what you should come to know is this source making my paper presentation better? Are you getting something from it, are you getting a new idea, are you getting a new technique? What does this source do to me? Is it have some use or not? How could I use this source in helpful way. Can I get a technique from this? Can I get an idea from this or can I generate a new research topic from this, or can I use it form of a backing for review, the discussion part. Does it provide background or textual information? does it provide evidence for one of my points? Like I said here is it providing backing for your results? Can I analyze it to undermine an opposing argument or not? Like
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a student
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she said that
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she wants to go for a research paper the research work which has already not been supported. So, maybe you are already having the research idea in your mind which is having opposition. So, if you find a research paper of your relevance, which is helping you to fight this opposition, maybe it is of some use to you, can I use information as an example to illustrate a point? So, all these things you should consider properly even after reading.
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So, how do you judge
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whether this article is good enough or not? The first step is to evaluate the evidence presented in any source. So, the first step is read that paper fully as we have done already and then find out whether the evidences which he is claiming is that already supported by something else is it already having a backing from some other research paper or not? If it is not having then be careful about trusting that okay. But there is another thing, now, Nature, Cell these the best journals and every time they give you a groundbreaking research, which is always different from whatever you had not read. So, it may be a new research, but if it is supported by a journal like nature, that means it is awesome relevance. So that you can take but if similar research paper has been published by a low rating journal or no rating journal at all, then you should consider it once or you can refer to your guide. Then, okay so, when you evaluate the journal article, consider if the thesis or anything is there, suppose there was a person who did his PhD and now top his PhD thesis he produced a very good publication. So, if that is there, that also can be used, maybe his thesis is of more used to you then asked whether the argument or analysis seems convincing to you or not, if the sources leaving you with several important questions unanswered, okay, you are reading all this thing, the research paper, you also look for the backing, you also look for thesis, but you were not able to get it. And even it has aroused few more questions in your mind, then that is of news. You should also consider how using this source in your essay or the publication will affect the future direction of your research. As I told yesterday, detailing is important. The reviewer the referees try to look into each and every word of your
56:50
manuscript. Okay, he is going to scan this
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properly, even one word is going to hang you in the middle. Does it continue information that challenges your assumption? Then it is of no use? or if this challenge is going to help your article grow better than it is of use to you. Does it present any strong evidence against your position from which you need to find the counter evidence? So if you need to think so much, try reanalyzing your manuscript, or try reanalyzing that manuscript. Because these two should not be completely different. Does it suggest a new direction, maybe other than this, I can get this also as a result. And maybe together all this is going to give you give me a better presentation, a better result. How do you evaluate the author, author is also important, okay? When you start reading the journals on regular basis, you are likely to develop liking about some particular author or some particular journal. Because obviously, you’re going to read the publications of your interest, you’re not going to here or there are randomly, right. So you will like one author more than someone else. But how should you like him? What should be the criteria for liking someone. More scholarly or professional journal articles contain a short biographical note about the author, you can find that author on webpages like Researchgate, or maybe he’s having his own blog, or website there, you can check. You can also look for the background professional experiences, interests, or maybe you can contact him directly. Right? In this world of web, we can always contact the second person via email. So that could be of some use to you. And also, what kind of author is he or she that is also going to affect the results of his publication and how you want grasping the results of his publication? Because he is, suppose there’s an author who is quite rigid minded, he doesn’t want to change his results, even if the observation is something else. That means the publication the results which have been produced by him, may not be well. Maybe he wanted the results to be thousand kg. And the results are coming out to be 1200 kg. So he’s going to manipulate this and go back to 1009 Kg suppose ok. So, biasing is not allowed. The such should be unbiased. Do the research only if you you are interested.
1:00:02
take proper time. Love your thesis.
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Love Your Work.
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or love your article.
1:00:08
And this is the
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last point. How to I evaluate the publisher of a journal? The journal is having a publishing house? How do you evaluate because ultimately journal is the reflection of the editor in chief, other editors as well as reviewers. So the person, the organization, the government, how
1:00:31
they are
1:00:32
playing a role.
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Just like authors, publishers usually have
1:00:37
a bias about a particular topic or issue, just like you are having viva, while undergoing via, first you go for a background check, they are four people in the panel. First person is having this background, second person is having this background. So first person is going to ask me questions from this particular topic. Obviously, he’s having more enhanced knowledge, or he’s having more experience about that particular field. So he’s going to relate that in with your work, maybe unnecessarily, okay so that may cause a doubt. So try to do that background search as well, you can often gain an understanding of what kind of articles it publishes by reading a few of the articles in that particular journal, or maybe the particular publishing houses having more than one journals. So, you can go through all those different journals which are related to your topics, and
1:01:43
you can also go through various articles.
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And if you find that the editorial board is biased, maybe you should not go for the articles from that particular subject.
1:01:54
Okay.
1:01:57
So this is all about todays discussion. And yesterday, someone was asking me about the statistical softwares. Now, if you see prism,
1:02:14
this one you can get maybe free of cost, but most of the others you will have to pay for them. These are good ones, but you will have to pay for the registration. However if you get some video on how to use Microsoft Excel for statistics, maybe free of cost, you can use Microsoft Excel for statistical analysis.
1:02:39
Okay. And
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as I suggested yesterday,
1:02:44
if you are working in one particular University, maybe that university can have its own statistical software’s that may be given to you free of cost. So try that one first. Maybe it’s easy to operate as well.
1:03:01
Instead of using Microsoft Excel or
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paying here and there.
1:03:06
Okay, so this is all about today.